Monday, May 25, 2009

Agriculture in ancient Egypt


Egypt the gift of the Nile, the Nile water comes Veidah each year in the timing of known, Afeemr beaches and valleys that do not subside soon and have hung potbellied fat, which is what is known as one of the most fertile in the world of clay. Known to the ancient Egyptian agriculture stood on the banks of the Nile, where the conditions imposed by virtue of the valley, which beset the Egyptian desert to the hard life and the struggle to protect the land, drawn from the aggression of the Sahara and the protection of villages and agricultural land to establish the dams of the flood water and irrigation channels to extend the high land to them.

Flood season and the separation of the separation of sowing and harvesting. If the flood waters have receded and the land has emerged, and holds together Tinha, farmers began to cultivate it. The Egyptians were cultivating grain of wheat, barley, lentils, beans, chickpeas, peas and the arena is to summarize the vegetables, onions, garlic, balls, and Agaythae castor, flax was the division of fields into ponds and Breha Bahadov as well as work on the cultivation of many kinds of fruit trees and wood and under. Also known as the cultivation of fruits of all kinds of famous Sycamore, figs, grapes, olives, pomegranate, and the transfer to Egypt of different types of trees from Asia and Africa.

If the solution to the harvest season and the maturity of the planting of the farmers to harvest and reap the harvest of His Excellency to the sound of flute and singing. It had been accounted for and amounts of crops to manage the national economy and the provision of food for the Egyptian people throughout the year to cope with the decline in the Nile.


Has been used in ancient Egyptian agriculture many of the most important agricultural machinery and hand-hoe and a plow and the settlement of land and irrigation and the use of the tractor Ahadov channels and the construction of canals and dams established.

When the harvest and Use Alhurcrp too.

We have had a life of farming in the same Egyptian reverence to the gods of different Fbd "favor" the head of the Nile "and" AJ "head and green fruits and the gods goddess of the fields and the gods" Rnnot "Raboh grain silos and" Soccer "and" Min "for the production and abundance .






It was the sowing and harvesting seasons, seasons and holidays, a great king and participates in it.

Agriculture also had a role in the formation of ethics for the Egyptians, and the breach of these ethics is one of the major sins, which were foreign to the day of reckoning, when it is accompanied by the gods that it did not reduce the area of agricultural land was reserved for the water derived from agricultural land or the rights of neighbors of farmers.

Often, pictures of kings and they are themselves symbols of agriculture refers to the construction of canals or channels is the largest agricultural canal King "Snosart" era of the family III of the Second Central Ashrbaldolp linking the Nile to the Red Sea and the agricultural lands in addition to its aspects.

Not only work in the field only to men but women also participated side by side their husbands and members of the family as well as boys and girls special days of harvest. Agriculture was at the heart of the ancient Egyptian beliefs motivated by his belief in the Baath, and life once again in the same view as one of the elements of the universe, the sun and the moon and plant the Nile, as is their life cycles and life and death, it also Voiguen post-mortem will salute once again, but we find in his vision of the Commission in the World the other must be the god of planting fields Uzeir employer other world, which was confined to the righteous from the Egyptians, where they planted the fields, "Yarrow".

Of this, we find that agriculture in Egypt has played a key role in the formation of the Egyptian civilization, which is built on the stability in the Nile Valley and Egyptian linked to their land and the establishment of a great civilization based agriculture, which grew a spirit of association and affiliation with,

Fdaf by the presentation and defense of the honor, was retained for the length of time the main form of the continuous Egyptian civilization through the long period of time there has been only a few marginal changes and kept the spirit of Egyptian civilization has been an important occupation, there was a continuity of this civilization in all its forms Pharaonic Greek Romanian Islamic to date this.

Queen Hatshepsut, the greatest Pharaonic ..



Queens greatest Pharaonic Egypt, which is the greatest testament to the unique role of women and their capacity for management and governance, despite the large number of dissidents and opponents of a woman to the throne, and in spite of the Hatshepsut was able to tighten its grip of power for a period of twenty years, the country enjoyed a lot prosperity, and when the increased pressure from priests, army commanders have given their throne just for the sake of the country.

The life of the Queen

Queen Hatshepsut was born or "treated Kaa Ra," which means "the" best of women, thanks to Amon, "the rule of the family during the eighth session, and her father, Tuthmosis I, which is played a lot of fighting a successful war the country's shift light, Syria and Mesopotamia, which in spite of his as one of the great leaders of armies, however, did not have the right to govern or to sit on the throne is not Ate affiliated to the kings of the Pharaohs, where the situation in this period of history not only marry princesses Alfronyat of the kings of the pharaohs, but because of the many wars of kings were reduced in large and therefore had to marry a noble princess of the general public, and during that Tuthmosis I was able to marry Princess Pharaonic "Ohms" and become Frona to Egypt.


This marriage resulted in the birth of "Hatshepsut" This is the Ancient Egyptian Princess, which will have great significance later, Hatshepsut was not the only daughter of Tuthmosis I was his youngest son, the other called "Khbayta - Nfro" but died, as was his illegitimate son of a Mahzyate custom "Pththomps II."

The death of the mother of Hatshepsut, after 50 years of marriage Pththomps I lose the last of his right to sit on the throne, which was caused by his marriage from the start of the pharaonic princess, the priests of Amon gathered around him, demanding the renunciation of the throne, there was the climb to the throne to succeed his father, but the Princess "Hatshepsut", which is the legitimacy of the Princess Royal being Barogaha blood, as opposed to Tuthmosis II, who is the son of illegal Tuthmosis I is not permissible for him to sit on the throne.


Here was the priests and the people of considerable debate, there to support the rise of Hatshepsut board Pharaonic throne as the Princess and heiress legitimacy, and there are those who object because they are women, which was not desirable that the woman holding the reins of governance and the balance Erghawwa Tuthmosis II for being a man, but they are afraid of revolutions that the son of an illegal There can be Frona to Egypt.

Queen Hatshepsut pharaonic


In spite of the fact that Hatshepsut was a woman but they have a lot of qualities that qualify them to be empowered on the throne of the Queen of Egypt in the forefront of the decline of ownership of the assets attributable to Amoun, and their enjoyment and knowledge of the intelligence of impressive combat skills, with keen and her father since the development of micro-and paid for his participation governance in the last days of his term, therefore, rushed to claim the right to the throne Fajlat clothes women wore men's clothes, and had borrowed chin, emphasizing the ability to manage the affairs of the country and carry out its functions Kfron to Egypt to the fullest extent, and it is possible to rely on the leaders of armies in the conduct of war is if they are unable about it.

Has been the subject of controversy over who was more worthy than others due to Barc Tuthmosis I to resolve the controversy by stating that the marriage of each of Hatshepsut, Tuthmosis II, and thus they become partners in governance.

Hatshepsut bowed to the wishes of her father's marriage of Tuthmosis II to be able to get right to the throne, and although it is supposed to be the couple are partners in government, however, Hatshepsut was the de facto ruler while her husband Tuthmosis II Mnasrva to play and the life of immorality, it was weak in matters of leadership and governance , has Hatshepsut ruled in the early years of a lot of prosperity and the country enjoyed prosperity and stability after a period of war, which resulted from the marriage of two daughters, Tuthmosis II and Hatshepsut Nfrora are smaller, and had a Tuthmosis II, one of the mistresses and children, Tuthmosis III and Hatshepsut, which will be contested after it .

The achievements of the Queen

Hatshepsut, finally was able to monopolize power, appealed to a series of internal reforms, and has seen many accomplishments Vhqt era of canals and channels and promoted agriculture and repaired what was destroyed by the temples, and sought to revive the trade came as trade exchange between Egypt and its neighbors, and saw the age of commercial flights a month business trip to country, "Puntland" The walls of the temple of Deir el-Balnicoc and decorated with paintings that reflect the details of this trip.

The flight, which lasted two years, first clean up the channel between each of the Nile and the Red Sea at the end of the Delta, to move the fleet, which has to be Hatshepsut loaded with gifts.

When the fleet arrived in the Pharaonic Puntland leader impressed you received gifts sent by Hatshepsut, and the ships returned again to Egypt, laden with wealth of this country, wood, trees, incense, ebony, gum, the Queen has ordered incense trees planted within the walls of the Temple of Karnak, in addition to the ivory, gold, animals Kalkarod The Panthers and the various birds to the ship carried.

As FRESHENS Hatshepsut ordered the reinstatement of trade in copper and Almlakit Sinai peninsula, where he stopped work during the reign of Alhecsus.

External threats

Prevailed in a state of stability and prosperity in the State during the reign of Hatshepsut, but the permanence of the assigned case the State has begun to suffer from external threats in addition to the situation of confusion raised by the priests opposed to the rule of Hatshepsut as a woman, also started third son, Tuthmosis III, Tuthmosis II, a legitimate claim its right to rule, was about to leave, accusing the country's internal affairs, and neglect in the preparation of the army, which exposed the country to the risk of attack from outside. Grieving on the priests, Tuthmosis III, Vhict plots to connect to the throne was Srdoh, including the miracle that occurred on the afternoon Tuthmosis Amon him that he was chosen to be Frona the request of Egypt, Hatshepsut, abdicating the throne and bow to the will of Amon. Hatshepsut, resorted to a ruse in order to impose control over the Fammelth, Tuthmosis III, a lot of goodwill and Tuthmosis already begun to show some to surrender, but he soon returned to the insurgency once again incite priests after him. Country has been jeopardized by the explosive wing COCHES strife and military leaders arose to move and stop the strife, and signed using the confusion between the exit of the advisers warn, Tuthmosis III, at the head of the army to quell the strife and return victorious to take the throne of them, and wasting their advice colony instead of wasting the throne, and the its concern for the interests of the state. The resolve to ensure the intelligence of Hatshepsut and Tuthmosis loyalty, which inspired him to him to marry her daughter from Nfrora thus ensuring the right to judge the fight to go to Cochin and suppresses Thorathm, but this offer was accepted by Tuthmosis, but stipulated that in order to lead the army and save the country's king to cede and to reconsider the position and found that the Queen Tuthmosis rallied around each of the priests and military men, and increased external pressure by the enemy, and will not be saving the country only to abandon the throne to give it up so I decided to save the country.

Hieroglyphic writing

Is the system of writing in ancient Egypt. Hieroglyphic language has emerged for the first time in the manuscript between the official Gami 3300 BC. M. And 3200 BC. M. And was called hieroglyphic. The word means Hiroglevip Baligriqip carved sacred "sacred carving.". In this manuscript in which codes were used to reflect the initial votes. And took pictures of the hieroglyphic forms common in the environment of Egypt. And included the names and numbers and some of the goods. In the era of the pharaohs used hieroglyphic inscription or decoration of religious texts on the walls of palaces and temples, statues and Almkabrostah Alolouh stone engraved and colored wood paneling. Hieroglyphic Kktabp remained in circulation until the fourth century AD. .



Beginning with the instability of the ancient Egyptian and the beginning of the urban communities, the organization has emerged in the ancient Egyptian need to express their ideas and recording the events of daily life written in a way that even reached to the first lines, a line known as the Egyptian Alheiroglevi to enter the Egyptian historical times in the first ancient Egyptian civilization, the family first


Alheiroglevi: are the first lines written by the ancient Egyptian language the word has been derived (Hieroglyphic) from the Greek words Hieros) and (Glophos) and the mean writing the sacred as it was used for writing on the walls of the holy places such as temples and cemeteries .. It has also been writing on the stones are carved the two methods of engraving or Algair prominent on the walls of fixed and movable effects, such as statues and paintings and Asalayat hieroglyphic writing is composed of a series of inscriptions from the daily life they are writing in addition to a photographic alphabet characters if they were more complex than the alphabet, now known as the language deployed in the hieroglyphic Valobagdip divided to three groups.

* Group I: the single characters (ie, single characters, such as the letters sound normal day)

* Group II: the bilateral character of sound (which is a symbol or the inscription of one, but two letters pronounced together)

* Group III: three-character voice (which is an inscription or symbol of one, but I mean, three)

This is in addition to a range of other labels that do not offer a final, but are for purposes such as determining the grammatical Muthanna, collection, and the masculine and feminine symbols of uncertain meaning, known as allotments.

Are the first attempts to dismantle the deciphering of the hieroglyphic writing to the Greeks. It was believed to have the hieroglyphic symbols that are symbols of a sham. The writings of the Greeks on the subject received a single manuscript is the "hieroglyphic" of the author Horapulon


In Europe during the Middle Ages, there was no interest in Egyptian hieroglyphs, but in 1422 it reached Horapulon manuscript to Venice, which has raised concern that even some Renaissance artists, they drew upon the symbols of Horapulon and descriptions used in the sketches.


In 1799, discovered one of the officers in the French army of Napoleon I to the panels of the laptop near the mouth of the River Nile in Egypt, Rasheed. It contains the stone slab, named Rashid, a stone inscription written in three lines: Line Alheiroglevi Masri, the Egyptian Aldemouti, and the Greek Line. A reading of the Greek part of the stone, the researchers knew that the text contains a decree issued in 196 BC. M honor of King Ptolemy V.

Researchers have tried to translate Egyptian writing using similar methods to write code used in the modern era. In 1814, Thomas Young discovered, a French physician and researcher that some hieroglyphic characters is the acoustic signals. The researchers also knew that the hieroglyphic characters are restricted to the egg represents the cycle of the names of certain persons. In 1822, a French scientist Jean-Francois achievement surprise scientist Champollion decoding the hieroglyphic writing of the Rosetta Stone, Fbdrasth for a repetition of the names and flags in the Greek text was able to see the same names and discrimination in the Egyptian text. In addition, it helped to know Balqubtip scientist Champollion, the language of modern Egypt, to enable him to identify many of the words in the ancient Egyptian Alheiroglevi section of the text. In the end the disengagement scientist Champollion symbols full text.


At the present time, enable the rule-books and dictionaries, the researchers read the hieroglyphic writing easily and smoothly. Access to knowledge of ancient Egyptian history would have been almost impossible if the researchers had been unable to read the hieroglyphic writing.

Tuesday, May 19, 2009

Monday, May 18, 2009

Tutankhamen





Name Tutankhamen Balheiroglevip:

«1» name generator and speaks: «Tutankhamun security Haka Ionohim» means: «live appearance Lamont, the Governor of South Oon» .
«2» royal name: «Ben Brora», which means: «Mr. Oghanim Ra» Tutankhamen was one of the so-called Pharaohs Egyptian family eighteenth in the history of ancient Egypt, the Pharaoh of Egypt 1334 to 1325 BC in the time period from the date of ex - Egypt called on behalf of the modern state.
Tutankhamen is one of the most famous pharaohs, for reasons not related to the accomplishments achieved Aouhrob victory, but for other reasons are not considered important historically is the most prominent is the discovery of his tomb and treasures in full and without any damage and the mystery surrounding the circumstances of his death, where many of the death of Pharaoh at a very early age, however, is natural, especially with the effects of a broken thigh bone and skull and the minister and the marriage of his widow after his death, and the installation of the same Frona, all of these mysterious events and extensive use of the myth of the curse of the pharaohs associated cemetery Tutankhamen, which was used in films and video games made Tutankhamen months pharaohs, for reasons not related to the launch or the historical importance of the accomplishments achieved during his short Kfron Egypt, but mysteries and questions that have no answer as the assassinations of some of the oldest in human history. Tutankhamen was 9 years old when he became pharaoh of Egypt, his name means in ancient Egyptian god of the living image of Egypt, which was the ancient Egyptian gods. Tutankhamen lived in a transitional period in the history of ancient Egyptian mythology, where the first post-unification of Akhenaten, who tried the gods of ancient Egypt in the form of God was in his return to the worship of multiple gods of ancient Egypt. His tomb was discovered in 1922 by British archaeologist Howard Carter and the discovery of this latest uproar large-scale information in the world.







There is widespread belief among archaeologists and specialists on ancient Egypt that the ratios of Tutankhamen Hokma the following: III Amenhoteb «1390 - 1353 BC. M.» Queen wives and major Timi «1390 - 1340 BC. M.» Born pharaoh Akhenaten, who was also called on behalf of Amenhoteb IV. Akhnaton «1353 - 1336 BC. M.» In addition to his wife Nefertiti Home «1352 - 1340 BC. M.» He was a secondary wife named Kiya and it is likely the mother of Tutankhamen «1332 - 1322 BC. M.». Tutankhamen «1332 - 1322 BC. M.» Became pharaoh of Egypt and Hotefl and died in mysterious circumstances and his wife was unknown and her name Ankhesen Amoun. Who came after the pharaoh Tutankhamen was the former minister and Brbrora Aye, who is married to the widow of Amoun Ankhesen Tutankhamen



There is a widely held view that the death of Tutankhamen, for reasons not satisfactory, but it may be a result of the assassination of the Minister Brbrora any plot and there are many of the evidence supplied by the believers of this theory, for example, marriage minister Brbrora Aye of the widow of Tutankhamen was found at a Pharaonic carrying the name of any Ankhesen Amoun and the widow of Tutankhamun and also there is a letter sent Ankhesen Amoun «widow of Tutankhamen» King of the Hittites to ask him to send one of his sons for the purpose of marriage after the death of her husband and the king of the Hittites to send one of his sons to marry the widow of Tutankhamun Amoun, but died before entering the land of Egypt, it is believed that he was probably planning to assassinate the minister Brbrora Ibdukan in which I planned to seize the throne of Egypt and so the murder of Pharaoh Tutankhamun and his widow and the bridegroom was killed, but these hypotheses, there is no conclusive evidence to prove all of these theories. It should be noted that the historical evidence indicates the presence of ministers of Tutankhamen, one of which I mentioned and the other was named Hormahb and archaeological evidence confirms that after the death of Tutankhamen receive any minister came to power for a short period to be replaced by the Second Minister Hormahb, which was his most indestructible evidence of the reign of Tutankhamen, Minister Aye This confirms to some conspiracy theory and the fact that the death of Tutankhamen a result of the assassination and not for reasons satisfactory. For a long time the cause of the death of Tutankhamen a controversial issue and there were a lot of conspiracy theories which likened the idea that he did not die but was killed in the assassination. In March 8, 2005 and the result of the use of computer imaging to three-dimensional Acharhristi Tutankhamen mummy told Egyptian archaeologist Zahi Hawass, said there is no evidence that Tutankhamen was subjected to the assassination, adding that the hole in the skull does not belong to the cause of receiving a blow to the head as was previously thought, but rather the events of the hole after death for the purpose of embalming and the ills of Zahi Hawass, the fracture in the left femur which has long been linked to the theory of assassination as a result of a broken thigh bone suffered Tutankhamen before his death and may have inflammation of this product may cause breakage in the and death.

Painting and sculpture at the Pharaohs



Flourished the art of painting and engraving, and a senior Algair ancient Egypt; as evidenced by the walls of cemeteries and synagogues. The artist treated the walls with the surfaces as the design and carving, and try to invest all the available spaces. The fee was not the work of a single artist; that the work of painting and engraving in Ancient Egypt was carried out in three stages, and the contribution of several categories of artists: In each of these areas of expertise and specialization. In the first phase, the initial outline, which gives the main features of the figure. And start coloring in the second phase; the beginning of the larger spaces, and progress towards the details of color painting. Then comes the final phase, which outlines that give accurate details. It could be argued that were not there is a distinct difference between photography and painting and engraving. We divided the inscriptions, even though the two types, carving and drilling, none of the methods must be preceded by a drawing; the work of the original design and the identification of the initial lines. Pastes and used color, in painting, to fill in the blanks in the diagram. Often, the artist was the ancient Egyptian used to stabilize the color of materials, in order to prolong the age of color. Because the art was associated with religious architecture, the artist has been interested in filming and give importance to Arbab; through the provision of different types of sacrifices, and the recording of songs and prayers. The images at the same time, various aspects of daily life; which may enjoy the deceased in his tomb, and he carries with him to dwell. These scenes did not represent the specific facts or particular stages of significance or importance, but the scenes are various activities; such as agriculture, fishing, grazing, playing and fighting. In his portrayal of people, the artist applied the law of ancient Egyptian descent, which remained in use until the time of the twenty-sixth family. Under that law, the artist's surface equal to the square with a general outline of the human body. Based on the ratios between certain parts of the body, the filling of the boxes; that the work will be completed. It turned out that the side-view imaging, the typical approach to the representation of all parts of the body; although not a fixed-base profiling. Often, requests to show the details to the form of photography. The artist sometimes combining both; for example, making a side-head, and shoulders in front, side and lower part. The link between the arts and religion, even today the Greek - Roman. The inscriptions of religious and mythological themes, the coffins, one of the most important features of the art Alhllini. One of the most important additions are commonly used in that era, portray the human face in a manner similar to mid-art photography (portraiture) current. It also became popular as well as masks of mummies and funerary masks bearing the image of the deceased. These were placed directly on the face of the deceased; carrier profiles and the actual facial features, so that the spirit of the deceased identified the body. The coffins were often made in the same deceased person. In the third century AD, the icon attached to the person at his home until his death; and then affixed to his coffin. The icons that disappeared after the fourth century AD;, but returned to appear again in the sixth century. Can be traced the history of the emergence of photography as the art of portraiture, or to the second century AD, was launched in the tombs of early Christians. Photographers were not persons, at the outset, linked directly to the new religion; but Bible stories and symbolic themes gradually appeared, that started making the Virgin Mary and Jesus: directly and clearly. Can be divided photographs (portrait) to the three types, according to the method used in the filming. The first is the way Altmbra known since Pharaonic times, and used materials such as adhesive glue and egg whites; to give a simple color thinner (thickness). The second is the icon that was developed in a "Alonkocetk" which appeared in Egypt during the Roman era, and spread their Batlmip Alexandria, Fayoum and Sheikh worship. It was based on mixing colors with the addition of a small wax oil sometimes; giving the painting evokes the brilliant manifestation of the paintings. And remained that way until the century using the ten atheist century. The third is the way Alfiresc (Fresco); and used water colors. This simple method, based on mixing colors directly with water alone, without another mediator. The colors used on the wall wet by dry, Viszew two together. This method appeared in the Christian era, but did not last long. Imaging did not show the way in paintings, which is cheaper and easier, until the Byzantine era.

Jewelry in the Pharaonic Era


Jewelry played different roles in Egypt. In addition to the attraction of human beings, nature, of beautiful things; the ornaments were of particular religious and magic in the ancient Egyptian world, to protect the wearer from bad. The ancient Egyptians since the modern jewelry industry, and the Upper Badari, in the age of the pre-history, from simple materials. Such as: the branches of plants and shells and beads, precious or hard bone, which were organized in threads of flax or cow hair. To give some sparkle of stones, the ancient Egyptian painting of a glass material. And acquired the skill of making jewelry from semi-precious stones and metals such as gold and silver, since the time of the first family. The gold industry reached its summit in the era of the Central State, when the ancient Egyptians mastered the techniques and precision in the manufacture of jewelry pieces. The gold industry has flourished in the era of the modern state, in an unprecedented manner; because of the systematic mining missions to the country's Eastern Desert and Nubia to extract metals. It was a metal handle and feed all kinds of semi-precious stones, known in Egypt; vaccination, such as gold, silver and turquoise Balaqiq. The jewelry used in everyday life, through the historical ages; of Pharaonic to Romanian. The ancient Egyptians keen on keeping a large number of pieces of jewelry in the graves, which were placed on the body of the deceased. We have found large numbers of pieces of jewelry cemeteries, including the Garlands and crowns or rings Alharatabiey and install alias, and various types of cosmetic Ahaliat; such as the woreda and small bands of gold and jewelry from a simple tape. There were also various types of belts; such as waist belts and belts hanging strips, including header. It is also the types of jewelry earrings and bracelets and rings, and Alkhalakhl contracts. The chest of the type of jewelry that had never in any of the other civilizations, and the wear on the chest. It was usually made of gold, or gold metal unconscious. Even if made of cheap material, it was Ttaly yellow; to take the appearance of gold. Was still wearing the vest of gold known in the Egyptian countryside, and the chest were taken in this case another name; is "Alcardan." The dream of every girl from a rural Cardan wear gold, it boasts.

Egyptian women at a time of the Pharaohs

There is no doubt that Egyptian civilization had had an impact on human history and that there were social and cultural foundations of roots and a clear growth in Egyptian civilization during the seven centuries of its existence, and there are many of the values of civilization, which inherited from the ancient Egyptians is the most important of the social status of women in the life of the ancient Egyptians . Were women in this community, the old man involved in his religious and political, social and shared in their daily lives. According to the sources available, we can conclude that the women in this age was much better developed in ancient Greece or Rome Vijb Herodotus of Greece, known in his memoirs concerning the visit to ancient Egypt, the rights of Egyptian women in her husband's legacy. The religion of the ancient Egyptians were equal between the gods and the Gods. Gods Fbd ancient Egyptians as symbols of intelligence and dedication and love of gods such as Isis and Hathoro Sakhmt.
The link between the gods and the god in the Egyptian religion was linked to a sacred and a symbol of the universe, it has become a marriage between Egyptians held sacred and important, and refers to the participation and loyalty, and equality.
A freak hail papers show that monogamy was known even in the era before any Alosrat seven thousand years ago and evidence of the importance of marriage and the sanctity of marriage and the extent to which we find in one of the myths that explain the phenomenon Fayyadan Nile.
The ancient Egyptians believed that the Nile water is even greater when the gods Isis and remember the death of her husband and Osores sit at the river and the Shatt al-cry, Vdmuaha down to the river and more water comes Fayyadan Nile.
Women were working in the Pharaonic era in many areas, especially politics. And in the history of ancient Egypt many of the examples of queens and ministers, which as far as Zcahn or pharaoh who built the pyramid and the biggest name Hotb came to power, rather than her son was small, even the right age for the rule of queens, there was also continued in power as long Snina queen who ruled Egypt Hachpsot Twenty years and queens ruled their husbands, such as Egypt, besides the wife of Akhenaton Nefertiti - a beautiful wife and beautiful Amenhoteb - black - and T Ochehrhn another queen of Egypt is Iklpetra which subsequently became the heroine of the novels and films.
Also women in pharaonic times was able to reach the important posts in the State we find the names and titles of papers in a freak hail prove to us that there are the names of the women were working in the judiciary, such as the judge decide which were the protectors of the king of the family sections at the beginning of the sixth date of the Egyptian state around. Also find the name of an Egyptian doctor named Bscht securities and we can conclude that she had been one of the best and the nearest doctors Faroon.
Egyptian women were able to Tthbtn themselves in social and cultural life also find many of them Olkabhn example shows the function of the writer of this post and at times had to reach high government posts such as the accountant in the post-pharaonic minors or other director of the warehouse and also discover many of the women of this time working in the Department of Trade and stores temples. All these facts indicate the independence of women in the Pharaonic era and the extent of their rights in all spheres of life, particularly their legal rights to property, marriage and inheritance, and if we compare the development of Romanian and Egyptian women in this age we will see that the Egyptian had enjoyed more freedom and the rights and the set out on the status of Roma women who were suffering from a lack of civil rights.
Said the Egyptian archaeologist and a French Egyptologist Christiane Corps so that the Egyptian woman who lived a simple rural life was going to fun and happy, it is clear that equality between the sexes was something inherently natural and ancient Egyptian society, but without exaggeration, and to preserve the role of women Basic mother and wife and a housewife, and often see the paintings of this era show women as workers in the field helps her husband in the harvest, like men, if need be.
Egyptian civilization had not forgotten the many laws and women's issues through the centuries a lot of laws governing the role and status in the legal community and belonged to the most important contract of marriage and the development of laws on the rights of couples with each other and Mttlebatthma before and after the divorce the issue of inheritance. And the marriage contract was Demands that the parties respect and fidelity and gives the women in the event of a divorce without cause is right, which brought her to her husband's home on the night of the wedding and in the case of divorce by agreement of the parties or the specific reason for the Egyptian woman has the right to one third of the property of the spouses. But it is clear that for divorce when the Egyptians had not loved something or a little, and rarely happens. And the softest and most beautiful proof of the important role of women in the life of every Egyptian man, peasant or king, whether strict adherence to tradition was the burial of wives of men in the same side of the grave, as the ancient Egyptians used to say: the couple are partners in life and not Evrgahma to death but remain in the Hereafter Ashqan .
Surprising that every child born in the upper or in the royal family was due to begin their education as boys in the fourth year of life, such as boys and girls were taught reading and writing and literature Balheiroglevip ancient Egyptian characters and Alheirip and is a form of Egyptian writing But the ancient Egyptian hieroglyphs of the simplest and are used in everyday life and are not used in official and religious texts, as in the hieroglyphic writing. Daughters of kings and princes, they had the right to learn the full curriculum, which contains the principles and basics of mathematics and engineering. There is one of the Elders of Ancient Egypt:
"If the search for wisdom and happiness, and love your wife and your partner interested in the Oraaha and it would be with your home and caring for your children and I love it Troyhm. I take as long as you are alive because it is a gift and a blessing from the Lord, who responded to your prayers and Dauatc. The enjoyment of this blessing, because the canonization Attiyah, this is what the satisfaction of the divine Lord.
Balamha sense because it is accepted by the mother of your children. Made them happy if your happy and if you look after the Statni them. The deposit is in your heart and your hands and you are liable to the Lord because you are yourself the era before the gods, you will be a shrine and a father, brother and partner and a friend of your wife and Ashguetk. "
The marriage was called "Making the wife" or "wife" and. Seems that the word father and his opinion was the essential and most importantly in accordance with the General Batriqi in ancient Egypt, with the view of the mother has not been ignored as a girl says Egyptian pharaonic hair:
"I do not know anything about the extent and his Achtyakyi Ohoudanh Vsorsl word Lamy Tnqzni ......" And known that if the girl was an orphan opinion and approval of the marriage was due to an uncle or brother to the men relatives. But this respect is the history of Egypt at the outset of any families in the era of the first, but we find that in the marriage contracts of the family and the twenty-sixth addition to the contract and which are among the wife decides to consent to the marriage after her husband heard to say: grant and make you my wife says: made me your wife. What little we know about pre-marital Do not know there was a period of official recognition or engagement. Is also the question of the age of marriage is not clear and known. Age was not mentioned in the contract of marriage and there are some references in the research and reference for the modern marriage of children, but it was not based on the fact that the foundations of the facts and there is no indication in the Brdiat or drawings on the walls of temples, which we consider the source of information on ancient Egypt. However, we can conclude that the marriage was almost at the age of twelve for girls and some of the fourth was born, because this was the age of puberty when the ancient Egyptians and demonstrated religious Albrdiat was interested in this.
And other traditions of the Egyptians at the marriage of social class, and one exception to this tradition has been the case sometimes in the middle and the royal marriage of the best known pharaoh of the editor, Nonkht and married the king after a period of time, other manufacturers operating in the minors. King also known Amenhoteb married women from the general public and a black T name and mentioned earlier in this article, a woman governor, because it was already helping her husband and ruled Egypt in themselves known and amended.
No mention of any sanctions in the Egyptian marriage of other nationalities, many of whom were married to the Syrians and the Nubians, and also many of the Princesses of ancient Egypt had married foreign wives and have become the kings of the Assyrians and Somrien and Hthein. Most of these marriages were for political purposes, but there are many stories of love between the ancient Egyptians and Princesses from outside Egypt, which indicates the lack of sanctions such as social relations. But it was different at the time of marriage of women slaves this link has not been recognized by the legal and if the women gave birth to the relationship of these Votefalha remain slaves and the only solution to free itself to pay the money before the marriage or adoption of the Ahrar on one of the men was able to free adoptive children as well.
Women in ancient Egypt had a special place in society and as we have seen if it is to prove the same doors were always open and it was estimated as a mother and wife were also estimated a scholar or a doctor or a writer and Khakmp

The curse of the Pharaohs .. Fact or Fiction?



The obsession with the acquisition of the Ancient Egyptian monuments .. By purchase or theft, followed by a lot of stories about evil spirits and bad luck and pessimism .. And all were of a fertile imagination of novelists and filmmakers.
First incident was linked to the ancient curse in 1699 when he bought one of the European merchants of the two Egyptian mummies, and carrying with him in the ship to Europe and the Mediterranean Sea flooded a severe storm hit the ship and most of them finished the merchant that the cause of the distress suffered by the ship, which is Moumiaotan Almbartan Astdata life of volatile ship.
This story was inspired by the imagination of the French writer, "Lewis Bnxie" is a fictional story on the oldest Egyptian mummies. As of 1856 was followed the stories which made the heroes and the Egyptian mummies on and they left for us? Ambiguous.
Among the most famous stories, however, unrealistic to attempt to justify the sinking of the famous ship Titanic in 1921 the existence of an Egyptian mummy at the time of drowning surface, the same as the mummy in the British Museum, No. 22542, but stressed that the health of Canadians this legend. It is strange that the landing is not mummy and the mummy of the body and the cover is colored wooden coffin was a priestess of the shorter name is not known due to the atheist tenth century BC, and some Britons are afraid of touching the cover or to approach him for fear of the curse and bad luck.


Tobat curse There is the so-called "Tobat curse", which also aims to protect the cemetery, which is about four blocks from the brick be placed above the cemetery, statues of the perception in the development of Osire any cross arms on the chest, a situation common for the god "Osores" stereotypes and distributed to the four corners of The burial chamber was found in a cemetery on the equivalent Priestess doctor "Hnot hailed the" template and each record the following: "You are what have come to steal will not allow you to steal I am the protector of the late Hnot hailed the", and it seems that the misunderstanding of the text is inspired by the novel and film these ideas, did not curse at the ancient texts only to frighten the thieves.
The days pass, and in the twentieth century was "Howard Carter" with the support of the Lord "Karnarvon" ... He discovered a cemetery, "Tutankhamun" in 3000 after his death ... And after that continued to search 5 years to discover the whereabouts of the tomb of the King ... But what happened to him, and those who helped in the discovery of the tomb? Is it really the curse of the Pharaohs?
Nebtedy Menen El Emien story?
Started rumors about the curse of the Pharaohs after the transfer of all the contents of the tomb to the Cairo Museum, where I think most people, including archaeologists who participated in the discovery that the priests of the ancient civilizations of ancient Egypt has been poured for Anthm any person who attempts to transfer these effects of place, and the reason for this belief is a severe sand storm arose on the very tomb of Tutankhamen in the day of the year 1922, and then spotted hawk flying over the area at the same time for the opening of the tomb, and the Falcon is one of the sacred symbols of the pharaohs.
After 5 days of the opening of the tomb of the Lord has Baawwadp "Karnarvon" as he was returning from his tomb in the sting became flared and died, "Karnarvon" at Cairo, and Cairo was cut off electricity to all of the unexplained at the moment of his death.
In ten years, died about twenty people who participated in the opening of the cemetery and most of them died a natural way Kaljnon or suicide.
In 1966 a request from one of the inspectors to send a certain Egyptian treasures from the tomb to Paris to offer dream that something terrible would happen if the left go.
Try to stop that process, but to no avail, and after the last meeting of his request was rejected by the Inspector walked to his home Vdhusth a car and died.

But Despite all these incidents, however, the main person responsible for the opening of the tomb, a "Carter" ... Did anything happen to him strange, as he lived to be 66 years old and then died a natural death.
As well as one person slept in the Egyptian tomb of the night away in order to detect any Intruded did anything happen to him.
Is there actually such thing as the curse of the Pharaohs or is it just the imagination of some of the scholars?
Where the truth?
Everyone knows that the ancient Egyptians had reached a high level of quality in the science of chemistry, medicine, surgery, pharmacy, and the nature of biological materials, engineering, astronomy, mathematics and languages, and other advanced science. But they had reached a scientific secrets and trying to remain behind in all the scientific community, such as knowledge of the secrets of embalming and preservation of materials and others. For example .. Few people who know that the ancient Egyptians came to the attention of electroplating and the manufacture of batteries and the liquid used in the painting Mchgullachm gold and silver jewelery and their jewelry and various types of electrical metallic paint! As used in the coating layer of copper thick plates of gold to reflect the sunlight from some venture Obelisks architectural installations and other .. The result of all this dramatic progress in the science of chemistry.
Chemistry is the ancient Egyptians were able to develop the types of highly lethal toxins .. Whether the toxins of animal origin, such as poisons snakes, scorpions, insects and poisonous reptiles .. Or the same source of plant toxins such as toxic herbs .. Or incendiary material or acid-producing material or gas or the oxygen absorbent, or radiological material or high concentration of phosphorus derived from certain animals or fish or minerals. Therefore, it may be the secret of those incidents is the Quran is a science of the ancient Egyptians have not been able to detect most of so far, such as:
Embalming
Aware of the embalming is an ideal model for the application of science that some of the secrets of ancient Egyptian .. Embalming and the meaning of the word must be to kill all organisms and microbes and bacteria inside the mummy inside the coffin and then the conservation within the burial chamber itself, which is managed by the ancient Egyptians .. This does not only come full Baltajafiv burning any amount of oxygen if it is a very small inside the coffin. Ancient Egyptians used for this purpose, chemical and gas products and the very development of radiation, although derived from environmental sources of simple and well-known, which is what we now call science or technology, technology!
The most famous incidents of the curse of the Pharaohs registered and documented scientifically accurate and associated Balthanit, is what has happened in about the mid-sixties of the last century, when Russian intelligence group of scientists commissioned by the Russian military to open some of the ancient Egyptian coffins, which did not open before, which was discovered in the vicinity of the Giza Pyramids area strongly them to contain the bodies and the bodies of astronauts or cosmonauts landed to Earth in ancient times was Thanithm posthumously.
The Russian scientists, using some of their officers and their soldiers to open the first coffin burial deep within the Conference of the inability of cranes down the narrow corridors to the ground and under the weight of these coffins, some of which reach to tens of tons .. The big surprise when he lost all presence and awareness within the burial chamber with Abik and distress, prompting some Russian intelligence officers to use some of their experts in chemical warfare, who rushed into the room wearing suits and masks and protective radiation and gases, the injured were taken to hospitals in poor condition and deteriorating very was unaccounted for after that!

After that Russian scientists decided to replicate the experience in a coffin, another taking all necessary precautions for the prevention of radiation and gas processing equipment in a very scientific progress and to measure levels of radiation imaging and gases emitted from the coffin .. The second surprise was when .. Painted .. And registered .. X-ray, infrared and Geiger counters and other instrumentation and sophisticated gas emission radiation and heat as soon as the coffin of a strong opening to the extent that scientists retreated back strongly despite wearing heavy protective clothing, has been recording all this in a documentary broadcast parts of it a small world in some satellite channels.
This is in addition to the fact that some scientists and doctors who issued the Egyptians and published research in the past century, stating they had some heavy radiation emitted from some of the ancient Egyptian mummies, stuffed with different levels of distress .. But not all of them.
This gives us the idea that this must be the radiation was very strong and deadly when they opened the coffins for the first time in ages past, and that he should not have been incidents of death or serious illness for many people who open these coffins for the first time, unaware of the nature of the radiation and non-taking of any preventive precautions as we have seen in the first Russian experience!
I realize some people from here that there is a real curse of the Pharaohs, it was reported moving through the repeated over time.
Poison
Ancient Egyptians succeeded in the production of some types of toxins fast and highly lethal force .. For example, we find that the poison had been found alive Egyptian al-Tarisha can kill a great man in five seconds at the most .. And scolded him and one of the live cobra poison can kill a lion extremely strong over fifteen seconds! They recall in some implied that they were able to extract toxins such snakes as well as the highly lethal toxins from scorpions and other poisonous insects, and plants .. There is no doubt that they were able to employ these toxins in the prevention of jewels and property stored in their graves, resulting in the deaths of many of the graves of the robbers in ancient times, which extends for more than ten thousand years! Here we also find that the talk of the curse of the Pharaohs, and it must be based on the specific facts occurred to many persons, but are not documented or documented scientifically accurate.

In Europe .. For example .... We find that there are hundreds of cases where non-registered owners of the disposal of their antiques and jewelry for sale to the Egyptian Pharaonic specialized museums after it was discovered to cause skin diseases and severe infections as well as causing other mysterious incidents lead to death, sometimes without a logical reason! And found everyone that the best way to keep all these objects are either stored in special rooms or conservation within glass cabinets for display only, but not for the purpose of use!
The notion of "curse" has turned in the minds of people and in the writings of many of the very fertile and interesting tales of the exotic and even "frightening" and of course this could be due to rights of ways to love the unknown with fear, and may be of the magnitude of the achievements of ancient Egyptian civilization, which is still mystified by magic and ambiguity. Pharaonic Valnp combine the facts of it are the root causes of interpretation and imagination, rich and popular drama.
Some of the phenomena that still raises question marks, we may find its answer in the future, may find this answer our children or grandchildren .. May not find one ... Who knows?!

Sunday, May 17, 2009

Of the wonders of the Pyramids


In 1853 a French Web Alvezaii theory that the pyramid is the greatest hour, it was noted that a large Shadows drawn by the summer and winter and direction and also during each day in addition to the quarterly note The shadows that can be reflected to give the time of day, date and day of each year has Piot stressed the idea of this installation by the Engineer and Wesson Kotswot help, but they added that the ancient The Egyptians were able to determine accurately the length of the solar year of three correct numbers after the comma, and another idea .. By the British Astronomical Proctor said that the pyramid is enormous, especially to the Observatory, known inside the corridor On behalf of the permanence of moving upward towards the pole star pole star was in those days, it was five thousand years is Alpha Star Drajohnnys .. but that the Earth moves in space and that the pyramid may move with the movement that The direction of the corridor heading towards the former pole star Polaris and the current add the cracks that Proctor and sewage Which was within the lobby of the great pyramid was probably used for keeping the tools used for astronomical observation Stars .... there is one private school in Britain, called the Institute for the Study of the pyramids and the pyramid is believed to members of the larger Does predict the fate of mankind that they could make several measurements of a sports complex can be predicted with some pyramid Events including the departure of Jews from Egypt, the Hebrews or the crucifixion of Jesus and even the First World War and which This is the beginning of the stage had been predicted by Daniel Christ as the beginning of the millennium the happy thought that Jesus will judge It is the land of what is believed to begin in the autumn of 1979 and remain so for a thousand years will end in a battle Herrmjdon meet, the last battle where the forces of good with evil forces and end the world and comes on the account in 2979 AD ................ Tumbkins The author, who has done extensive study of the Giza pyramid in the books A book published that priests who had been promised to the Cave of the great King Cheops and the King approved of the project The funding so they began the construction of the tomb, but the building of the scientific and reflects the knowledge of when the death of the pharaoh was not Buried the alleged tomb ................. Finally we recall what the most important achievements of the builders of the pyramids, which are Is the largest pyramid, said to be carefully constructed from the geographical knowledge could be ancient land .... Was used Comersd it can control the stars and making plans to have a very accurate ........ Zwayah and ribs were the basis for mapping the past to reflect the value created by the number 3.14 Could be important for the library containing the measurements, the standard weights used by the ancient The builders of the pyramids know the value of the area around the Earth and throughout the year including the increase of the 365-day knowledge 0.2422 days, it is possible that they had learned along the Earth around the sun and the speed of light and the Height of the 2600 Iatdalin of the spring or fall ... Some people have claimed long ago that the powers of the Pyramids vague, there can not be explained by experiments conducted to prove The large facilities such as the pyramids can be considered a source of static electricity and has spoken many who visited the Pyramids that they were able to deliberately fate, but there are some tourists were shocked when they visited or In the twelfth day of August 1877 to visit the Napoleon Chamber inside the pyramid of King shortly after the largest and asked the The manual that when the impact of Napoleon and Europe, which was compelling and was later a white face and trembling when asked The cause of this condition he did not want anyone to ask me again, and after a reported that he had found his fate for himself Inside the pyramid and the greatest of Napoleon's death during the short period of exile on the island of St. Elena, "he told his assistant Sokbarak secret From my experience within the pyramids, but why? What is the use? You do not believe me, and perhaps the strangest situations encountered by persons Ordinary scientific mind does not enjoy not go to Egypt never had cases of people who claim that they succeed in Access to the results of an unusual play when making a mini-models of the pyramid, for example, the largest pyramid in the same proportion Dimensions can be put inside the knives and daggers, and the pyramid to keep the forces of magic always Mahozp as well as not to spoil In the food within the model in 1850 by a French man to visit the pyramid and saw the biggest dead cat has not been filed Such as mummy rot and this proves the validity of the retention of food pyramid because of the hidden forces

Egypt Map











Pharaonic Era

Alexander the Great succeeded in defeating the Persians in Asia Minor and Egypt in the opening of 333 BC and expelled from the Persians, Alexander has been crowned himself king of the pharaohs and the development of curriculum-based pilgrimage city of Alexandria and the Temple of Amon in the oasis of Siwa, who was world famous and large at the time Egypt under the rule of Ptolemy 333-30 BC After Alexander's death, the foundation for "Ptolemy" - a commander of Alexander - the rule of Ptolemy in Egypt, which lasted from the (333) BC until 30 BC Ptolemy has been a strong state in the era of kings the first solution and then double as a result of the revolution against the Egyptians and the weakness of kings and Rome took advantage of these conflicts in terms of its influence on Egypt and the Ptolemies ruled the age of 03 BC, during the rule of Queen Cleopatra
The Egyptian Civilization under the Ptolemies: Ptolemy of Alexandria was built in the palaces and gardens, Alexandria became a center of civilization, where widespread fame in the field of art and science, industry and trade, as it was the first port in the Mediterranean, thanks to the famous Mnartha which the Greeks as one of the seven wonders of the world
Alexandria has a great Hellenistic-Egyptian civilization was on: Alexandria University: founded by the Ptolemies, scientists at the University of Alexandria, arrived at scientific facts about the earth's rotation around the sun and the approximate circumference of the globe, and the university was also famous for the study of medicine particularly anatomy and surgery is months, scientists at the University of Alexandria, "Euclides" A world of engineering, and "Ptolemy" geographical and "Maniton" of Egyptian
- Library of Alexandria and cultural impact: Ptolemy established a large library in Alexandria was considered the greatest in the world, the library contained more than half a million rolls Brdy, and Ptolemy is to guide each guest scientists from the city of Alexandria, a copy of his writings and thus the number of library books, more than 700 Thaousand books
Ptolemy has to respect the religion of the Egyptians and the sacrifice made for the Egyptian Mabboudat, and have built temples such as the Temple of Edfu and the Temple of Dandara and Philae temple, Aswan, and the Ptolemies used to appear in official functions, using the Pharaohs

History of Egypt



Egypt's history is the history of human civilization where the rights opus The Egyptian civilization ancient civilizations that preceded the civilization of the peoples of the world leader in innovation and the arts, where Amairha and stunned the world and scientists are Pfla flag civilization continuum of human interaction with the Egyptian and left in his mind and has an honorable mark Egypt was the first state in the ancient world knew the principles of writing letters, and invented the hieroglyphic signs, and the ancient Egyptians were keen on the codification and recording of history and home-made events and lives, and this step moved the great Egyptian civilization of pre-history and became the first country in the world history written, and has established systems and therefore considered in all The standards of human civilizations of Egypt that the role of cultural, historical and religious place where she was embraced by the prophets, the land on which the steps followed by the Apostles and prophets came to the prophets, Abu Ibrahim, peace be upon him, and married Ms. them emigrated and came to Yusuf, peace be upon him and became a minister and was followed by father Jacob, the great dialogue between the house of God and Moses, peace be upon him on the land, to Egypt to the Holy Family has Virgin Mary and child Jesus and Joseph and their historic trip a blessing in its territory was chosen by God Almighty, Egypt in particular, to be fortified by the shelter Heaven wants to be an oasis of peace and security has always been a crossroads of religions have been pursued on the land of multiple civilizations of Egypt, Egypt was the cradle of civilization of the pharaohs, and the incubator of Greek and Roman civilization and the beacon of civilization, Coptic, and the guardian of the Islamic civilization has been marked by the Egyptian people along the history of love and tolerance, goodwill and generosity which the people of this mixed with the sons of Egypt in the fabric of a solid .. Thus, always be the people of Egypt before the Egyptians, and Egyptian religions the last decade